here are some exercises of linking :
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1.
Expressing addition
To add information, you can use these expressions:
in addition,
- as well as - moreover - what is more - not only...but also... - furthermore -
besides - also - too - and...
- If the project fails this will have terrible consequences not only on our department, but also on the whole organization
- John's grades are terrible because he has been so lazy these days. In addition to this, his relationship to his parents got worse.
- The report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.
2. Expressing
contrast
To express contrast, you can use these expressions:
although -
even though - in spite of / despite - however - yet - nevertheless -
nonetheless - on the contrary - whereas – while - on the one hand ...but on the other hand... -
conversely - but...
- Brain drain has terrible consequences on the developing countries. Nevertheless, nothing has been done to solve the problem or at least reduce its negative effects.
- In spite of / despite Fred's old age, he goes jogging every morning.
- Although she's very nice, her classmates hate her.
- They have got two children, a boy and girl. The boy looks after his father whereas the girl looks after the mother.
·
While London is
exciting, it is much too busy.
·
Life in the city is fast, whereas
life in the countryside is slow.
3.
Expressing cause and effect
To express cause and effect, you can use these expressions:
consequently
- as a consequence - as a result - therefore - because of this - for this
reason - because - since - as - for - due to - owing to
- She remained silent, for she was so depressed to talk.
- We can't go to Sue's party because we'll be busy working on our project.
- The plane was delayed because of the foggy weather.
- He had spent most of his time hanging around instead of revising his lessons. Consequently, he had a lot of trouble answering the exam questions.
4.
Expressing purpose
To express purpose use the following words:
in order to
- in order not to - sa as to - so as not to - to - not to
- She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
- They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife
- He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
4.
Summarizing
To summarize, you can use the following expressions:
In conclusion - to conclude - to sum up - in a nutshell - in brief - in
short - all in all - everything considered...
What is the relationship between the pairs of
sentences below - contrast, addition
or reason and result?
Use a linking expression to make the relationship between the ideas
more clear.
|
The Trocadero
Plaza is popular with shoppers.
The Trocadero Plaza has good public transport.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Most tourists go to Golden Sands Beach.
Golden Sands Beach is one of the most polluted
in the country.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
I'm going to do a course in Italian next year.
I'm going to improve my Mandarin next year.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I'm not very good at languages.
I'm going to do a course in Mandarin next year.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
I'm quite good at languages.
I'm going to take courses in Korean, Japanese
and French next year.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The traffic was terrible this morning.
I managed to get to work on time.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The traffic was terrible this morning.
I was about 25 minutes late for work.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Smoking is bad for your health.
Smoking is antisocial because many people find
it unpleasant.
Smoking is a waste of money.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
I don't think Charlie Wong would be a good
candidate for this job.
He is hard working and reliable.
He has no experience in this area.
He has never shown the slightest interest in
this kind of work.
He is rather old.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
feeling tired
|
Although
|
I decided to go to the party.
|
|
She didn't go to the party
|
because
|
she felt tired.
|
|
the bad weather
|
However,
|
the picnic was cancelled
|
|
I felt tired,
|
Despite
|
I went to the party.
|
|
She felt tired after her long journey.
|
she decided not to go to the party.
|
||
I felt tired after a long day at work.
|
On the other hand,
|
||
when you're tired they can be a strain.
|
|||
I went to the party because I wanted to
see Janine.
|
|||
Parties can be fun when you're in the
right mood.
|
Due to
|
||
Linkers
for contrast
|
||||
it
was raining,
|
Although
|
My sister loves going to the beach.
|
||
we went ahead with the picnic.
|
However,
|
My brother, on the other hand,
|
||
It
was raining hard.
|
despite
|
absolutely
hates it.
|
||
we went ahead with the picnic.
|
Nevertheless,
|
My sister loves going to the beach
|
||
We went ahead with the picnic
|
.
|
my brother absolutely hates it.
|
||
the
heavy rain.
|
whereas
|
package
tours are cheaper,
|
||
Package tours are usually cheaper than independent travel.
|
||||
you have more
freedom when you travel independently
|
||||
you have more freedom when you make your own arrangements
|
||||
It
was raining hard.
|
On
the other hand,
|
.
|
||
we went ahead with the picnic.
|
Although
|
|||
Possible solution
|
Although it was
raining, we went ahead with the garden party.
It was raining hard.
However, we went ahead with the garden party.
It was raining hard.
Nevertheless, we went ahead with the garden party.
We went ahead with the
garden party despite the rain.
My sister loves going
to the beach whereas my brother absolutely hates it.
My sister loves going
to the beach. My brother, on the other hand, absolutely hates it.
Package tours are
usually cheaper than independent travel. On the other hand, you have more
freedom when you make
your own arrangements.
Although package tours
are cheaper, you have more freedom when you travel independently.
Some
possible answers (There are many others)
|
The Trocadero
Plaza is popular with shoppers because it has good public transport.
Most tourists
go to Golden Sands Beach.
However, it is
one of the most polluted in the country.
I'm going to
do a course in Italian next year.
I'm also going
to improve my Mandarin.
I'm not very
good at languages so
I'm going to
do a course in Mandarin next year.
OR (depending
on how you look at it)
Although I'm
not very good at languages,
I'm going to
do a course in Mandarin next year.
I'm going to take courses in Korean, Japanese and
French next year.
OR (depending
on how you look at it)
Even though
I'm quite good at languages,
I'm going to
take courses in Korean, Japanese and French next year.
Although the
traffic was terrible this morning,
I managed to
get to work on time.
The traffic
was terrible this morning.
Therefore, I
was about 25 minutes late for work.
Smoking is bad
for your health and it is antisocial because many people find it unpleasant.
Besides, it is a waste of money.
I don't think
Charlie Wong would be a good candidate for this job.
Although he is
hard working and reliable, he has no experience in this area
and he has
never shown the slightest interest in this kind of work.
Besides, he is
rather old.
Expressions
of purpose
|
Example
|
To+ infinitive
|
Omar went abroad to
look for a job
|
for + noun
|
Omar went abroad for
a job
|
In order to / so as
to + infinitive
|
Omar went abroad in
order to look for a job
|
So that+ modal
|
Omar went abroad so
that he can look for a job
|
1. Link a sentence from column A with a sentence from column B. Use
expressions of purpose.
A
|
B
|
1. The government encourages people to go school
|
a. They want to encourage them to study.
|
2. They gave them books and pens.
|
b. She didn’t want to be late for class.
|
3. Nadia went to the nearest school.
|
c. She wanted them to join her.
|
4. She told her neighbor about her course.
|
d. They want to reduce illiteracy in the
country.
|
5. She bought a new car.
|
f. He did this to get up early.
|
6. Yassine left the party early.
|
g. She wanted to enroll on a literacy course.
|
1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Complete these
sentences appropriately using an expression of purpose.
1. Traffic signs are put in the streets………………………………………………….
2. We used the
lift…………………………………………………………………….
3. I phoned my friend…………………………………………………………………
4. I gave him my phone number……………………………………………………...
5. I had to turn down the TV sound…………………………………………………..
6. He is working hard these
days………………………………………………………
7. She sold her old
car………………………………………………………………..
8. As he is getting
fatter, he plays sport everyday……………………………………
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